On the second, discursive level, the presence/absence and rhetorical role of counterfactual thinking in classical Chinese philosophical and historical texts will be examined. On the first, linguistic level, it will be determined if there are unreal conditional constructions in Old Chinese. Research will be carried out on two levels. This paper will examine Bloom’s thesis in the area of the Old Chinese language and classical Chinese texts. Bloom shows that the modern Chinese language has no extricated lexical, grammatical, or tonal markers for counterfactuality. Bloom links this with a deficit in equivalent grammatical markers for unreal conditionality in the modern standard Chinese language. While conducting empirical research, Alfred Bloom concluded that Chinese speakers are not inclined to counterfactual reasoning. Thus, counterfactual reasoning is important in the formation of ethical/political and scientific reflections. ![]() ![]() ![]() condition or cause from the past or present is connected with a potential effect. statements such as “if it were not for X, there would be no Y”, a hypothesis is established on the basis of an action/state/event that did not happen. In this kind of reasoning, which is expressed through the use of unreal conditional sentences, i.e. Counterfactual reasoning – the construction of mental alternatives to reality – is an important part of theoretical thinking.
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